-e5651c91ea8f4875ab4272337398cabe.JPG)
虚拟化介绍
虚拟化是云计算的基础。简单的说，虚拟化使得在一台物理的服务器上可以跑多台虚拟机，虚拟机共享物理机的 CPU、内存、IO 硬件资源，但逻辑上虚拟机之间是相互隔离的。
物理机我们一般称为宿主机（Host），宿主机上面的虚拟机称为客户机（Guest）。
那么 Host 是如何将自己的硬件资源虚拟化，并提供给 Guest 使用的呢？
这个主要是通过一个叫做 Hypervisor 的程序实现的。
根据 Hypervisor 的实现方式和所处的位置，虚拟化又分为两种：
- 全虚拟化
- 半虚拟化
全虚拟化：
Hypervisor 直接安装在物理机上，多个虚拟机在 Hypervisor 上运行。Hypervisor 实现方式一般是一个特殊定制的 Linux 系统。Xen 和 VMWare 的 ESXi 都属于这个类型
半虚拟化：
物理机上首先安装常规的操作系统，比如 Redhat、Ubuntu 和 Windows。Hypervisor 作为 OS 上的一个程序模块运行，并对管理虚拟机进行管理。KVM、VirtualBox 和 VMWare Workstation 都属于这个类型
理论上讲：
全虚拟化一般对硬件虚拟化功能进行了特别优化，性能上比半虚拟化要高；
半虚拟化因为基于普通的操作系统，会比较灵活，比如支持虚拟机嵌套。嵌套意味着可以在KVM虚拟机中再运行KVM。
kvm介绍
- kVM 全称是 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine。也就是说 KVM 是基于 Linux 内核实现的。
- KVM有一个内核模块叫 kvm.ko，只用于管理虚拟 CPU 和内存。
- 那 IO 的虚拟化，比如存储和网络设备则是由 Linux 内核与Qemu来实现。
- 作为一个 Hypervisor，KVM 本身只关注虚拟机调度和内存管理这两个方面。IO 外设的任务交给 Linux 内核和 Qemu。
- 大家在网上看 KVM 相关文章的时候肯定经常会看到 Libvirt 这个东西。
- Libvirt 就是 KVM 的管理工具。
- 其实，Libvirt 除了能管理 KVM 这种 Hypervisor，还能管理 Xen，VirtualBox 等。
- Libvirt 包含 3 个东西：后台 daemon 程序 libvirtd、API 库和命令行工具 virsh
- libvirtd是服务程序，接收和处理 API 请求；
- API 库使得其他人可以开发基于 Libvirt 的高级工具，比如 virt-manager，这是个图形化的 KVM 管理工具；
- virsh 是我们经常要用的 KVM 命令行工具
kvm部署
环境说明：
| 名称 | 系统类型 | IP |
|---|---|---|
| kvm | CentOS 7 | 192.168.159.130 |
kvm安装
部署前请确保你的CPU虚拟化功能已开启。分为两种情况
- 虚拟机要关机设置CPU虚拟化
- 物理机要在BIOS里开启CPU虚拟化
这里使用的是VMware workstation
关闭防火墙
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@kvm ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
[root@kvm ~]# setenforce 0
[root@kvm ~]# reboot
[root@kvm ~]# getenforce 0
Disabled
配置网络源
[root@kvm ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@kvm yum.repos.d]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 1572 100 1572 0 0 1269 0 0:00:01 0:00:01 --:--:-- 1270
[root@kvm yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's/\$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@kvm yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@kvm yum.repos.d]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget net-tools unzip zip gcc gcc-c++
完毕！
验证CPU是否支持KVM
[root@kvm ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo
vmx
vmx
vmx
vmx
vmx
vmx
vmx
vmx
PS: 如果结果中有vmx（Intel）或svm(AMD)字样，就说明CPU的支持的
kvm安装
[root@kvm ~]# yum -y install qemu-kvm qemu-kvm-common qemu-img virt-manager libvirt python3-libvirt libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils libguestfs-tools
完毕！
做桥接网卡,用br桥接ens33
[root@kvm ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
[root@kvm network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-ens33 ifdown-bnep ifdown-ippp ifdown-post ifdown-sit ifdown-tunnel ifup-bnep ifup-ippp ifup-plip ifup-ppp ifup-Team ifup-wireless network-functions-ipv6
ifcfg-lo ifdown-eth ifdown-ipv6 ifdown-ppp ifdown-Team ifup ifup-eth ifup-ipv6 ifup-plusb ifup-routes ifup-TeamPort init.ipv6-global
ifdown ifdown-ib ifdown-isdn ifdown-routes ifdown-TeamPort ifup-aliases ifup-ib ifup-isdn ifup-post ifup-sit ifup-tunnel network-functions
[root@kvm network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-br0
[root@kvm network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-br0
TYPE="Bridge"
BOOTPROTO="static"
NAME="br0"
DEVICE="br0"
ONBOOT="yes"
IPADDR=192.168.159.130
GATEWAY=192.168.159.2
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
DNS1=192.168.159.2
DNS2=114.114.114.114
[root@kvm network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens33
TYPE="Ethernet"
BOOTPROTO="static"
NAME="ens33"
DEVICE="ens33"
ONBOOT="yes"
BRIDGE="br0"
//重启网络
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart network
[root@kvm ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master br0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:c4:6a:b4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:c4:6a:b4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.159.130/24 brd 192.168.159.255 scope global noprefixroute br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::641e:dfff:fee1:46dd/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
启动服务
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl start libvirtd
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl enable libvirtd
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl status libvirtd
● libvirtd.service - Virtualization daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/libvirtd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since 三 2021-10-20 18:19:23 CST; 15s ago
Docs: man:libvirtd(8)
https://libvirt.org
Main PID: 21420 (libvirtd)
CGroup: /system.slice/libvirtd.service
├─21420 /usr/sbin/libvirtd
├─21564 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq --conf-file=/var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/defaul...
└─21566 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq --conf-file=/var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/defaul...
10月 20 18:19:24 kvm dnsmasq[21564]: started, version 2.76 cachesize 150
10月 20 18:19:24 kvm dnsmasq[21564]: compile time options: IPv6 GNU-getopt DB...fy
10月 20 18:19:24 kvm dnsmasq-dhcp[21564]: DHCP, IP range 192.168.122.2 -- 192....h
10月 20 18:19:24 kvm dnsmasq-dhcp[21564]: DHCP, sockets bound exclusively to i...0
10月 20 18:19:24 kvm dnsmasq[21564]: reading /etc/resolv.conf
验证安装结果
[root@kvm ~]# lsmod|grep kvm
kvm_intel 174841 0
kvm 578518 1 kvm_intel
irqbypass 13503 1 kvm
//测试并验证安装结果
[root@kvm ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
Id 名称 状态
----------------------------------------------------
[root@kvm ~]# virsh --version
4.5.0
[root@kvm ~]# virt-install --version
1.5.0
[root@kvm ~]# ln -s /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
[root@kvm ~]# ll /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 10月 20 18:22 /usr/bin/qemu-kvm -> /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm
[root@kvm ~]# lsmod |grep kvm
kvm_intel 174841 0
kvm 578518 1 kvm_intel
irqbypass 13503 1 kvm
查看网桥信息
[root@kvm ~]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.000c29c46ab4 no ens33
virbr0 8000.525400118ef4 yes virbr0-nic
kvm web界面安装
kvm 的 web 管理界面是由 webvirtmgr 程序提供的。
安装依赖包
[root@kvm ~]# yum -y install git python-pip libvirt-python libxml2-python python-we
完毕！
从github上下载webvirtmgr代码
[root@kvm ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@kvm src]# git clone git://github.com/retspen/webvirtmgr.git
正克隆到 'webvirtmgr'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 5614, done.
remote: Total 5614 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 5614
接收对象中: 100% (5614/5614), 2.97 MiB | 72.00 KiB/s, done.
处理 delta 中: 100% (3606/3606), done.
安装webvirtmgr
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# pwd
/usr/local/src/webvirtmgr
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# pip2 install -r requirements.txt
Collecting django==1.5.5 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/49/93511c5d3367b6b21fc2995a0e53399721afc15e4cd6eb57be879ae13ad4/Django-1.5.5.tar.gz (8.1MB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 8.1MB 72kB/s
Collecting gunicorn==19.5.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f9/4e/f4076a1a57fc1e75edc0828db365cfa9005f9f6b4a51b489ae39a91eb4be/gunicorn-19.5.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (113kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 122kB 373kB/s
Collecting lockfile>=0.9 (from -r requirements.txt (line 5))
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c8/22/9460e311f340cb62d26a38c419b1381b8593b0bb6b5d1f056938b086d362/lockfile-0.12.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: django, gunicorn, lockfile
Running setup.py install for django ... done
Successfully installed django-1.5.5 gunicorn-19.5.0 lockfile-0.12.2
You are using pip version 8.1.2, however version 21.3 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
检查sqlite3是否安装
[root@kvm ~]# python
Python 2.7.5 (default, Nov 16 2020, 22:23:17)
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sqlite3
>>> exit()
初始化帐号信息
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# python manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table servers_compute
Creating table instance_instance
Creating table create_flavor
You just installed Django's auth system, which means you don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no): yes //是否创建超级管理员
Username (leave blank to use 'root'): root //指定超级管理员用户名，默认为'root'
Email address: 1106576223@qq.com //设置超级管理员邮箱
Password: //设置超级管理员密码
Password (again): //再次输入密码
Superuser created successfully.
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 6 object(s) from 1 fixture(s)
拷贝web网页至指定目录
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# mkdir /var/www
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# cp -r /usr/local/src/webvirtmgr /var/www/
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# chown -R nginx.nginx /var/www/webvirtmgr/
生成密钥
[root@kvm ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:95H8Mg6cm4gbG8wbRq1jtfC6t8sRhdFDbWOv5mGNwsI root@kvm
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| .o.. |
| oo = |
| . .+ o |
| . . . .. |
| o.S.. ++ |
| + =E=oo*o. |
| @ +.+=+.. |
| o @.o =.o |
| B+=oo . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@kvm ~]# ssh-copy-id 192.168.159.130
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.159.130 (192.168.159.130)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:ui5Owu2rnnd6I4mcRfLcInCj2ICDburD7SA5+aEXZLs.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:a0:10:68:91:c3:ad:3f:69:55:48:d9:99:68:28:d2:12.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.159.130's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '192.168.159.130'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
配置端口转发
[root@kvm ~]# ssh 192.168.159.130 -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
Last login: Wed Oct 20 18:03:22 2021 from 192.168.159.1
[root@kvm ~]# ss -anlt
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6080 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:8000 *:*
LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6080 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:8000 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
配置nginx
[root@kvm ~]# cd /etc/nginx/
[root@kvm nginx]# vim nginx.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /404.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
[root@kvm ~]# cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
[root@kvm conf.d]# vim webvirtmgr.conf
[root@kvm conf.d]# cat webvirtmgr.conf
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name $hostname;
#access_log /var/log/nginx/webvirtmgr_access_log;
location /static/ {
root /var/www/webvirtmgr/webvirtmgr;
expires max;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $remote_addr;
proxy_connect_timeout 600;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_send_timeout 600;
client_max_body_size 1024M;
}
}
确保bind绑定的是本机的8000端口
[root@kvm ~]# vim /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
bind = '0.0.0.0:8000'
backlog = 2048
重启nginx
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@kvm ~]# ss -anlt
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6080 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:8000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6080 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:8000 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
设置supervisor
//文件末尾添加以下内容
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/supervisord.conf
[program:webvirtmgr]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr.log
log_stderr=true
user=nginx
[program:webvirtmgr-console]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr-console.log
redirect_stderr=true
user=nginx
启动supervisor并设置开机自启
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl start supervisord
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl enable supervisord
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/supervisord.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service.
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl enable supervisord
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/supervisord.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service.
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl status supervisord
● supervisord.service - Process Monitoring and Control Daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since 三 2021-10-20 18:47:21 CST; 19s ago
Main PID: 54012 (supervisord)
CGroup: /system.slice/supervisord.service
├─54012 /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord.conf
└─54432 /usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
10月 20 18:47:20 kvm systemd[1]: Starting Process Monitoring and Control Daemon...
10月 20 18:47:21 kvm systemd[1]: Started Process Monitoring and Control Daemon.
10月 20 18:47:22 kvm python2[54044]: detected unhandled Python exception in '/var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console'
10月 20 18:47:24 kvm python2[54086]: detected unhandled Python exception in '/var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console'
10月 20 18:47:27 kvm python2[54152]: detected unhandled Python exception in '/var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console'
10月 20 18:47:31 kvm python2[54274]: detected unhandled Python exception in '/var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console'
[root@kvm ~]# ss -anlt
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6080 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:8000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6080 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:8000 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
配置nginx用户
[root@kvm ~]# su - nginx -s /bin/bash
-bash-4.2$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/var/lib/nginx/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:tBMedyfIsnpWFpRwtgRO2A4KokjM8pyMrXygpMm6Tvw nginx@kvm
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|o o+o=. |
|o+. oo.*.o |
|=B o . o* * o . |
|+o* . o.B o o |
|*o. S o |
|*o . . + |
|.o. . o |
|o . o |
|oo E |
+----[SHA256]-----+
-bash-4.2$ touch ~/.ssh/config && echo -e "StrictHostKeyChecking=no\nUserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" >> ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.159.130
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.159.130' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.159.130's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.159.130'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
-bash-4.2$ exit
登出
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[root@kvm ~]# cat /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[Remote libvirt SSH access]
Identity=unix-user:root
Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart libvirtd
kvm web界面管理
通过ip地址在浏览器上访问kvm
kvm 存储管理
创建存储：
通过远程连接软件上传ISO镜像文件至存储目录/var/lib/libvirt/images/
[root@kvm ~]# cd /var/lib/libvirt/images/
[root@kvm images]# ls
CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1804-7.5.iso
在 web 界面查看ISO镜像是否存在
创建系统安装镜像
实例管理
实例(虚拟机)创建
虚拟机插入光盘
设置在 web 上访问虚拟机的密码
启动虚拟机
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